3G TECHNOLOGY

 Introduction:: Also known as IMT 2000,3G transmits packet switched data efficiently and with increased bandwidth. 3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA,and also uses value added services like mobile television, GPS (global positioning system) and video conferencing. 3G technology is much flexible, because it is able to support the 5 major radio technologies. These radio technologies operate under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct spread), IMT-MC (multi carrier). TDMA accounts for IMT-TC (time code), IMT-SC (single carrier). FDMA has only one radio interface known as MT-FC or frequency code. Third generation technology is really affordable due to the agreement of industry. This agreement took pace in order to increase its adoption by the users. 3G (Thrid Generation Technology) system is compatible to work with the 2G technologies.

Technical aspect:: There are many 3G technologies as W-CDMA, GSM EDGE, UMTS, DECT, WiMax and CDMA 2000. Edge tecnology allows faster data transfer than gsm. Wimax is a wireless technology.It transmits variety of wireless signals. It can be operated on the multi point and point modes.
 It is portable technology. This technology is based on the wireless internet access. Name of the WiMax was developed in 2001 by WiMax forum. This technology removes the need for wires and is capable enough to provide 10mbits/sec. It can connect you to hotspot.
 How 3G (CDMA 2000) Works Code Division Multiple Access 2000 is approved by 3GPP2 Organization. CDMA200 hybrid with IS-95 B provides an unlimited access to IMT-200 Band as well as cdma 200 1x and ideal conditions for the highest data transfer rate. The cdma 2000 1x evolves into cdma 200 1x EV. This cdma 200 1x EV IS put into service in two different forms; Cdma 2000 1x EV-DO- 1X Evolution data only able to use 1.25 MHz Cdma 2000 1x EV-DV- 1x Evolution Data and Voice also use 1.25 MHz All these versions are supposed to attain the highest speed for greater efficiency of the mobile phones.
 How 3G (W-CDMA / UMTS) Works 3G mobile technology has been marked by the CDMA accomplishment. ETSI Alpha group develop this technology on radio access method. W-CDMA offers challenges in shapes of versatility and complexity of its design. Its multifaceted single algorithm made the complete system more difficult hence the receiver becomes a more complex device. It provides friendly environment to the multi-users with greater simulation and broader interface able to transfer data with time variations. UMTS network group is experimenting on this new technology to maintain previous 2G module features and the added features as well in 3G.

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4G TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION::: Over the last few decades internet has been playing a vital role in our day to day lives.E-mails, Instant Messaging (IMs),etc are some of the gifts of internet to us. communication is much simpler today as compared to earlier times.keeping up with Friends and Colleagues is very easy with the invention and seemingly endless expansion of Social Networking sites like Facebook, Orkut, MySpace, Twitter etc. day by day we are heading towards advancement. things are getting compact,lighter and more powerful.

 4G HISTORY:::As we know that 4G is the successor of 3G,so 3G employes two basic standards::W-CDMA and CDMA2000. the former is used in europe and the latter is USA.In CDMA, one signal carries the data, this is then multiplied with a signal with a faster rate, that his more bandwidth, it uses TDM (Time Division Multiplexing). CDMA200 uses CDM (common code division multiplexing) .

  About 4G:: 4G stands for Fourth Generation Technology .In 2009 IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) specified the requirements of 4G with a promising speed of 100 Mb/s for high mobility communications such as trains and cars and 1 GB/s for low mobility communication such as( pedestrians and stationary users). Some possible standards for the 4G system are 802.20, WiMAX (802.16), HSDPA, TDD UMTS, UMTS and future versions of UMTS and proprietary networks from ArrayComm Inc., Navini Networks, Flarion Technologies, and 4G efforts in India, China and Japan. The key enabler of 4 G techonology are OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) ,adaptive processing and smart antennas. OFDM id designed to send data over hundreds of parallel streams thereby increasing the amount of informations that can be sent as compared to traditional CDMA. unlike 3G ,it is completely based on packet switching only,thus it requires low-latency data transmission.IPV6 is an inetgral part in context to 4G technolgy and is essential in order to support large number of wireless-enabled devices. IPV6 removes the need for network address translation which is a method of sharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices,by increasing the number of ip addresses.
 A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP (Internet Protocol) based mobile broadband solution to Laptop Computers, Wireless MODEMs, Smartphones, and other Mobile Devices. Facilities such as Ultra-Broadband Internet access, IP telephony, Gaming Services, and Streamed Multimedia may be provided to users. Services, and Streamed Multimedia may be provided to users. The word MAGIC also refers to 4G technology which stands for Mobile multimedia, Any-where, Global mobility solutions over, Integrated wireless and Customized services.
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TOP FIVE UPCOMING SMARTPHONES IN 2012-

2012 going  to be a great year for smart phones.Samsung,Sony Ericsson,HTC  all launching new smartphone in race.

Take a look on top five upcoming smartphones in 2012

SAMSUNG NOTE-

This note is actually a 5.3 inch tablet/ smartphone.It's going to have stylish which you loose take a note.
it has-

1:1.4GHZ processor

2:8 Mega pixel camera

3:Super amoled screen

SONY ERICSSON XPERIA ARC S-

This is new entry in 1.4 GHZ processor.It has-

1:8.1 Mega pixel camera

2:4.2 inch display

and phone also come with 3D feature

SAMSUNG WAVE 3-

It has-
1:4 inch WVJS screen
2:1.4 GHZ processor
3:5 Mega pixel camera

HTC RADAR-

This is first HTC windows phone 7 Mango devices.It has-
1:3.8 inch WVJA screen
2:8 Mega pixel camera
3:only have a 8GB internal memory

HTC SENSATION BEATS-

This will have a dual core 1.5GHZ processor and a big battery

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SAMSUNG GALAXY NOTE

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Heard about Samsung Galaxy Skin????

Samsung Galaxy Skin planning to release in the second quarter of 2012 and here are the leaked picture and specifications in net. Samsung Galaxy Skin has a 1.2 GHz processor, 1GB of RAM, 1500 mAh Battery, it also includes flexible AMOLED display by 4-inch 800 × 480 resolution, 8MP camera.
Samsung Galaxy Skin Features and Technical Specifications
Processor: 1.2Ghz
RAM: 1GB

OS: Android

Display: 4-inch 800×480 flexible AMOLED

Network * 3.5G (GSM / GPRS / EDGE) 850/900/1800/1900 MHz) * 4G (HSDPA 7.2 Mbps, HSUPA 5.76 Mbps): 900/1900/2100 MHz.
Camera

* 8MP camera

* Auto focus

* Self shot

* Action shot

* Panorama shot

* Stop motion

* Smile shot

* VGA front camera

Memory: 32 and 16 GB

Battery: 1500 mAh

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GPS( global positioning system) with basic concept,design and application

 GPS is an acronym for global positioning system and was developed in 1973.it is used to get the information about location of any point in the earth at any time using satellites.it is a space based navigation system.even GPS can be used for getting location near the earth to some extent. GPS navigation system does not depend upon atmospheric conditions i.e. it can provide you information in all weather. GPS navigation system consist of minimum 3 satellites and nowadays the number is 4 because the fourth one gives us the height of the observed point and the three other gives position in earth or nearby. Anyone in earth can use GPS system through a GPS receiver.GPS provides a wide range of facilities and it has a variety of applications.it is initially a military project but later on commercialized.nowadays it has became very popular in civil and commercial usage.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF GPS
The GPS receiver receives the signal from the GPS satellites which are revolving around high above the earth.there are four or more satellites in a GPS system and each of the satellite continuously transmits messages towards earth.these messages includes-

1)the time the messages was transmitted by satellite.

2)all the orbital informations.

3)system health.

The receiver receives the transmitted messages and uses the transit time of messages on reaching to receiver from satellite and hence it computes the distance.

The position is then displayed either with a moving map or latitude and longitude,elevation information may be included.many GPS system could show informations such as direction,speed which they calculate from position changes.such informations are called derived informations.

We use more than 4 satellites to reduce the errors which results in wrong positional outputs. The only important thing is the satellites must be in line of sight,at least 6.

DESIGN
The GPS design originally called for 24 satellites or space vehicles .it has 8 space vehicles in three approximately circular orbits but this was later modified with 4 space vehicles in six orbits. 6 orbit planes have approximately 55 degree inclination and are separated by 60 degree ascension of the ascending node.
The orbital period is one half a sidereal day which is 11 hours and 58 minutes.atleast 6 satellites must be always in line of sight.all satellites broadcast at same two frequencies 1.575GHZ and 1.2276GHZ.

APPLICATIONS
Originally it is used only by Military but now widely used by civilians also. GPS has wide usage in commerce,scientific uses,tracking and surveillance. It is used in- Clock synchronization.telephony,disaster relief,emergency services,vehicle tracking,and all other tracking system,geotagging,GPS tours,map making,robotics,navigation,surveying and many more.
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Lg 84-inch 'Ultra High Definition' Television

If you getting bore with your old small screen tv set and you want a television set with new technology with big screen. Then get ready to buy 'ultra definition' 4K TV . At this year LG Electronics introduce 'ultra definition' 4K TV in CES 2012 with 16 times the number of pixels of HDTV (high-definition video ).

This TV has a resolution of 3840 x 2160, which delivers four times as many pixels as 1920 x 1080. Wide Quad High Definition (WQHD) (2560×1440) and Quad Full High Definition (QFHD) (3840×2160) are not the same resolution as that of UHDTV and represent intermediate resolutions mid-way between those of HDTV and UHDTV.

It will also run more than 1,200 apps, such as Netflix, Hulu and Major League Baseball, using LG's Smart TV software and it will recognise your voice and motion gestures by the use of LG's motion-sensing TV Magic Remote.

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8051 Block Diagram

8051 Block Diagram

8051 Microcontroller

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GPS(Global Positioning System)

GPS system

GPS is abbreviated as Global Positioning System, all the inventions were invented for some peculiar reasons as need is the mother of all the inventions, so GPS was much needed for US defense at the late 1960s, US army needed the air traffic global system to win over their enemies.

Global Positioning system is a space based satelite navigation system that provides all the information about weather, time and as its name refers the positioning. All the weather info is gained by the GPS only, it tells about every single point of the location so with the help of GPS one never can go stray.

GPS(Global Positioning system) is operated by US government and it is freely accessible to anyone with a gps receiver.Previously in 1960s the navigation system was invented but its had some certain drawbacks so it needed some touch ups and as a consequence the GPS came into the light in 1973, it was created by US dept. of Defense (DoD) and was originally run with 24 satellites. GPS was fully involved in operations in 1994.

As in todays era nothing remains new and fresh for more then two minutes so GPS also needed to be more advanced and accurate, so new demands on the existing system led to put some extra efforts to modernize the GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM and implement the advanced generation of GPS IIIBASIC CONCEPT.

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